Flipped learning for teaching biostatistics to peruvian dental students / Flipped learning para el aprendizaje de bioestadística en estudiantes de odontología peruanos

Objective: To evaluate the effect of the application of a flipped learning model for teaching biostatistics to dental students in a Peruvian public university. Methodology: A quasi-experimental, crossover, longitudinal and prospective design was used. A non-probability sampling technique was employed. The sample consisted of 63 students that enrolled in the Biostatistics course at the School of Dentistry at Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Students were divided into two groups according to their designated training schedule. The contents of two units were assessed. For the first unit (descriptive statistics), the first group was taught using the flipped learning model and the second group with the master class model. For the second unit (inferential statistics), groups were crossed over. At both periods of the study, cognitive, procedural and attitudinal skills were assessed through previously validated questionnaires. Mann-Whitney U test, Cohen is d and multiple linear regression analysis were performed. Results: the mean total score for the second unit was higher (p<0.001) in the flipped learning group (32.58) compared to the master class guided training group (27.94), presenting a Cohen's d=0.97. Procedural (9.23 versus 7.80) and attitudinal (15.63 versus 12.90) skills were on average higher in the flipped learning group. Regression analysis resulted in R2=0.245, p=0.003. Conclusion: the flipped learning method achieved a higher content learning in the second unit, compared to the master class model.

Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de la experiencia de aplicación del modelo flipped learning para el aprendizaje de bioestadística en estudiantes de odontología de una universidad pública peruana. Metodología: Se realizó un diseño cuasi experimental de secuencia cruzada, longitudinal, prospectivo. La muestra se obtuvo de manera no probabilística y estuvo conformada por 63 estudiantes que cursaron la asignatura de Bioestadística en la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Se conformaron dos grupos de acuerdo al horario de práctica designado y se evaluaron los contenidos de dos unidades de la asignatura. En la primera unidad (estadística descriptiva) el primer grupo fue sometido al modelo flipped learning y el segundo sometido al modelo presencial clase magistral. En la segunda unidad del curso (estadística inferencial) los grupos se cruzaron. En ambos momentos se evaluaron las capacidades cognitivas, procedimentales y actitudinales a través de cuestionarios previamente validados para el estudio. Se aplicó la prueba U de Mann-Whitney, la d de Cohen y la regresión lineal múltiple. Resultados: En la segunda unidad la puntuación media total fue mayor (p<0,001) en el grupo flipped learning (32,58) en comparación al de clase magistral-práctica dirigida (27,94) con un efecto alto d Cohen= 0,97. Las capacidades procedimentales (9,23 versus7,80) y actitudinales (15,63 versus 12,90) fueron en promedios mayores en el grupo flipped learning. Al aplicarse la regresión se halló un R2= 0,245 p=0,003. Conclusión: La aplicación del modelo flipped learning logró un mayor aprendizaje en contenidos de la segunda unidad, en comparación con el modelo presencial clase magistral en los estudiantes.

The effect of apomorphine on visual discrimination learning and reversal learning in rats / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective Using apomorphine, a potent dopamine receptor agonist and rotating T-maze, the effect of apomorphine on the visual discrimination learning and reversal learning in rats was investigated. Methods All rats were trained in a visual discrimination task (food reward and light stimulus) in rotating T-maze. After reaching the acquisition criterion, rats were trained in a reversal task (food reward and without light stimulus) in the same maze. During the period of visual discrimination task, apomorphine was administrated either 30 minutes prior to learning or after learning immediately. Results The results showed that apomorphine, which was given either 30 minutes prior to visual discrimination learning or after learning, could impair the acquisition of discrimination learning( 259.20±26.29 and 264.00±16.97, compared to 168.00±16.97 and 163.20±20.08) and apomorphine, which was given only after visual discrimination learning, could impair the acquisition of reversal learning (451.20±39.44 compared to 360.00±29.39). Conclusion The results showed that apomorphine, which was given either 30 minutes prior to visual discrimination learning or after learning, could impair the acquisition of discrimination learning and apomorphine, which was given only after visual discrimination learning, could impair the acquisition of reversal learning.